Which of the following cancers is associated with an increased risk in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are at a significantly increased risk for developing cholangiocarcinoma due to the chronic inflammation and dysregulation of the bile ducts that characterize this condition. PSC is known to cause bile duct strictures and biliary tree damage, leading to an environment conducive to the development of bile duct cancers.

The malignant transformation of the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts is influenced by the ongoing inflammation and subsequent fibrosis that occurs with this chronic liver disease. This association is well-documented in medical literature, highlighting the importance of monitoring PSC patients for signs of cholangiocarcinoma through appropriate imaging and surveillance practices.

While other cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma might be seen in the context of liver cirrhosis, the specificity and direct correlation between PSC and cholangiocarcinoma make the latter the most relevant choice in this scenario.