What does panacinar emphysema primarily affect in the lungs?

Panacinar emphysema is a type of emphysema characterized by the uniform destruction of the alveolar walls throughout the acinus, which is the functional unit of the lung. In contrast to other forms of emphysema, such as centriacinar emphysema that primarily affects the central parts of the acinus (typically involving terminal bronchioles), panacinar emphysema involves the entire acinus, including the alveoli. This widespread involvement leads to significant lung function impairment and is often associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Understanding the structural changes in the lungs due to panacinar emphysema is crucial for diagnosing and managing the condition effectively. This pathology typically presents in the lower lobes of the lungs, where airflow dynamics can lead to more pronounced effects when the entire acinus is affected. The condition can lead to severe respiratory symptoms, and treatment focuses on managing airflow obstruction and limiting further damage to lung tissue.