What condition is characterized by hyaline thickening in blood vessels, often associated with hypertension and diabetes?

The condition associated with hyaline thickening in blood vessels, particularly in the context of hypertension and diabetes, is indeed arteriolosclerosis. This pathology primarily affects the small arteries and arterioles, leading to their narrowing due to the deposition of plasma proteins in the vessel walls, which results in a glassy, hyaline appearance.

In cases of hypertension and diabetes, the stress on the vascular walls is exacerbated, causing this thickening to occur more significantly. This not only restricts blood flow but can also lead to end-organ damage, which is particularly concerning in the kidneys and eyes, where microvascular complications are prevalent.

Atherosclerosis, while also a significant vascular condition, is characterized by plaque buildup in medium and large arteries rather than the hyaline change seen in arteriolosclerosis. Monckeberg arteriosclerosis involves calcification of the medial layer of the muscular arteries and is generally not associated with significant clinical consequences or the same pathological imprints as observed in arteriolosclerosis. Endocarditis refers to an infection of the heart valves and does not pertain to changes in blood vessel walls, making it unrelated to the described hyaline changes in the context of hypertension and diabetes.