What are the main symptoms of cystitis?

The primary characteristics of cystitis, which is an inflammation of the bladder, include urinary symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine), pyuria (the presence of pus or white blood cells in the urine), and the absence of white cell casts. The presence of hematuria and pyuria indicates that the bladder is inflamed or infected, offering clear evidence of the body's immune response to irritation or infection.

Additionally, unlike in some other kidney-related conditions, the presence of white blood cell casts is typically absent in uncomplicated cystitis. White cell casts suggest kidney involvement and are often seen in conditions affecting the kidneys themselves, such as pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis. Therefore, the combination of hematuria, pyuria, and the absence of white cell casts accurately reflects the typical findings in cystitis.

Other options provided reflect symptoms or conditions not typically associated with cystitis. Symptoms such as nausea, ascites, and weight loss are more indicative of systemic diseases or conditions affecting the liver or gastrointestinal system rather than localized bladder inflammation.

Abdominal pain and urinary frequency can be seen in cystitis; however, they are more generalized symptoms that do not directly specify the inflammatory or infectious nature of cystitis as